White nougat with nuts. What is nougat - composition and calorie content, step-by-step cooking recipes

Put the peanuts on a plate and level them evenly. We send it to the microwave for 3 minutes, then peel it off. After that, we begin to prepare the syrup by mixing honey, water and sugar. We set the resulting mixture to simmer, and as soon as it boils, we continue to cook for another 10-14 minutes and turn it off. To sit down, I want to emphasize that, in principle, you can take any nuts. Chopping them up or leaving them intact is a matter of taste.

Begin to beat the egg whites with a mixer until foam forms. As soon as she appears, pour in lemon juice and add vanillin. After that, as the syrup is prepared, we begin to add it too. Pour in the syrup gradually, in a thin stream. As a result, you will get a thick mass, which will need to be beaten for about 15 minutes.

And now we are adding the prepared peanuts to our mixture. Mix the whole mass with a regular spoon. The mixture will be very thick, so extra effort will be needed. Pour it in a small layer into any convenient shape and put it in the freezer overnight. The nougat is ready, you can cut it into pieces. Bon Appetit!

Homemade nougat is wonderful sweet snack for tea. The nougat recipe is not as complicated as it might seem at first glance.

The main tool for making nougat is a good mixer. It can be a planetary mixer or a conventional submersible mixer, it doesn't matter. Whisking the egg whites by hand and making the nougat is difficult. As a filling, you can use any nuts of your choice, or dried fruits. Almonds work very well. You can also slightly diversify our nougat recipe by covering it with a small layer of chocolate, having previously melted it in a water bath.


Ingredients:


Eggs - 2 pcs.

Sugar - 300 gr.

Honey - 5 tablespoons

Water - 50 ml.

Lemon - ½ pc.

Vanilla sugar - ½ tsp

Dried fruits or nuts - 200 gr.

Preparation:

1. Put sugar, honey in a saucepan with a thick bottom and add a little water. Bring to a boil, stirring constantly. Cook for about 10 minutes over low heat, until the sugar is completely dissolved.

2. Separate the whites from the yolks. Beat two egg whites with a mixer until stiff peaks form. Add the juice of half a lemon and some vanilla sugar.

3. Without ceasing to stir the proteins with a mixer, gently pour the hot syrup into the proteins. It is best to pour the syrup in a thin stream onto the wall of the container in which the mixing process is taking place. Stir until the mixture thickens.

4. Add nuts or dried fruit and stir well with a spoon.

5. Put in a mold and put in the freezer for 3-4 hours, and the lunge overnight.

6. The nougat is ready!


Be creative and don't stop there! Bon Appetit!

For clarity, we present a video recipe:

Among the abundance of delicious oriental delicacies, many people fell in love with nougat. It is used as a filling for sweets, an interlayer for cakes and as an independent dessert. Real nougat is made from natural ingredients with the addition of a large amount of nuts. It is not difficult to prepare this delicacy at home. But first you need to figure out what nougat is, what ingredients are in the composition and what is the calorie content of the dessert. We will tell you about all this in detail in our article.

What is nougat

The name of the viscous mass, which many sweet tooths liked, comes from the Latin word nux, which means nut. Indeed, this ingredient is added in large quantities to the composition of a sweet treat. What is nougat? What ingredients are used in the preparation of the dessert?

First of all, nougat is pastry which is made from egg whites, sugar or honey and nuts. Traditionally, hazelnuts, almonds, pistachios, cashews, walnuts are used for this delicacy, but not peanuts. The consistency of nougat can be completely different: from light and airy to steep and viscous. In addition to nuts, chocolate, citrus zest, candied fruits, etc. are added to taste if desired.

Southern Europe is considered the birthplace of nougat, where it has not lost its popularity since the 15th century. Most likely, the delicacy was brought to European countries from the Middle East, in particular from Persia. Today nougat is one of the attributes of the Christmas holidays.

Nutritional value and calorie content

Nougat is characterized by a high sugar content, which makes this product in demand among people involved in sports and physical labor. Children love this delicacy no less than others, for whom it, due to the high content of nuts that stimulate brain activity, can be especially useful. The calorie content of nougat is on average about 400 kcal. This value may vary depending on the amount of certain ingredients in the composition.

The nutritional value of the product is quite high. The amount of proteins is 7.1 g, fats - 10.6 g, carbohydrates - 72.2 g. The delicacy can be considered somewhat useful. It contains a fairly large amount of nuts, honey and dried fruits. At the same time, the high sugar content makes this product harmful for people with diabetes. In any case, this sweet oriental delicacy should be consumed in limited quantities.

Nut nougat with candied fruits, hazelnuts and almonds

To cook oriental sweetness at home it will not be difficult if you adhere to a certain order of actions. The nougat recipe assumes the following step-by-step instructions are followed:

  1. In a saucepan with a thick bottom, prepare sugar syrup from a glass of water and 800 g of sugar. Cook it over medium heat for about 3 minutes.
  2. Without removing the saucepan with syrup from the stove, add 200 g of honey to it. Continue cooking for 5 minutes.
  3. Beat egg whites (3 pcs.) With a mixer at high speed. Pour sugar-honey syrup into a strong protein foam in a thin stream.
  4. Fry peeled hazelnuts, almonds and almond petals... The total number of nuts used is 240 g.
  5. V protein mass add cooled hazelnuts, almonds and petals, as well as prepared candied fruits (120 g). Mix all ingredients thoroughly.
  6. Cover the baking sheet with foil or parchment so that not only the bottom, but also the sides are closed.
  7. Put the protein mass in the prepared form, flatten and send to the refrigerator for 2 days to freeze the nougat. Cut the finished delicacy into small squares or rectangles and serve.

Chocolate nougat

This recipe will appeal to those people who, for a number of reasons, do not eat eggs. The composition of such a delicacy does not include animal products, which means that it can be prepared even by vegetarians.

So, many have already tried and know what nougat is. At the same time, an oriental delicacy prepared according to the following recipe resembles a traditional dessert only in consistency. His taste turns out to be richer and more refined. Chocolate nougat is prepared in the following sequence:

  1. A thick sugar syrup is prepared from 50 g of sugar.
  2. Almonds (100 g) are peeled, crushed and fried in a pan. To peel the nuts, pour boiling water over them for 10 minutes. Then hot water swap and leave the almonds in a bowl until complete cooling... After that, it can be easily cleaned with your hands, literally with one touch of your fingers on the nut. Grind the almonds in a blender or in a meat grinder, and then fry in a dry frying pan until golden brown.
  3. Melt chocolate (100 g) in a water bath.
  4. Combine all ingredients, stir, add a handful of almond petals.
  5. Put the chocolate mass in a mold, smooth and refrigerate for 2 hours.

Nougat with white chocolate

This dessert has a rich and interesting flavor. It is not too difficult to prepare, but to measure the temperature of the syrup, it will be necessary to prepare a thermometer.

The nougat recipe is as follows:

  1. Pour 2/3 cup sugar syrup and 1/3 cup water into a thick-bottomed saucepan. Sugar is poured (2 tablespoons). The mass is mixed, brought to a boil and cooked to a syrup temperature of 132 ° C (check with a thermometer or temperature probe).
  2. White chocolate (50 g) is melted in a water bath.
  3. Proteins (2 pcs.) Are whipped with a pinch of salt.
  4. The hot syrup is gradually poured into the protein mass, without stopping to beat with a mixer.
  5. Melted chocolate and almonds are added. The mass is thoroughly mixed and transferred to a greased form.
  6. The baking sheet is covered with foil and left on the table overnight. In the morning, the nougat can be cut into pieces.

Cocoa nougat in chocolate glaze

Highly delicious dessert obtained according to the following recipe. By the way, its calorie content can be significantly reduced by replacing butter with coconut oil and cream with vegetable milk.

Homemade nougat with cocoa in chocolate glaze is prepared according to the following recipe:

  1. Chocolate with a cocoa content of at least 80% (100 g) is melted in a water bath, combined with butter (50 g) and poured into a prepared form 10x20 cm in size. The baking sheet is sent to the refrigerator or freezer.
  2. The cream with a fat content of 20% (450 ml) is brought to a boil. Without removing the stewpan from the stove, peanut (8 tablespoons) and butter (1 tablespoon), the same amount of cocoa powder and sugar are added to it. Using a mixer, the mass is brought to a homogeneous consistency.
  3. The stewpan is removed from the heat.
  4. The whipped mass should cool completely, after which it is poured into a baking sheet on top of the chocolate. The form is sent to the refrigerator until the nougat is completely solidified.
  5. From 100 g of chocolate and 50 g of butter is prepared chocolate glaze and poured on top of the nougat.
  6. After 2 hours, the dessert is cut into portions.

Nougat with peanuts

Nuts are a must in this oriental delicacies... Traditionally, almonds, hazelnuts or cashews are used. In our recipe, it is peanuts that are added to the sweet and viscous mass.

Nougat with nuts is prepared in the following sequence:

  1. From water (125 ml), sugar (400 g) and honey (120 g), thick sugar syrup is cooked until sampled on a hard ball.
  2. The whites are whipped into a foam. At the end, add a teaspoon of lemon juice.
  3. Without stopping the whipping process, the syrup is knocked out into proteins.
  4. Roasted peanuts (1-2 tbsp.) Are added. The thick and viscous mass is mixed and laid out on a baking sheet covered with parchment in a layer 2 cm thick.
  5. Nougat should cool down when room temperature within 6 hours, after which the form must be rearranged in the refrigerator until the dessert has completely solidified.

Irina Kamshilina

Cooking for someone is much more pleasant than for yourself))

Content

Most of us cannot live without sweets, and oriental delicacies come first for many with a sweet tooth, especially nougat. The treat has an unusual taste and an amazing nutty aroma. It comes in two colors, different consistencies and aromas, so everyone has the opportunity to choose a treat to their liking. In Europe, nougat is often the main delicacy of the holiday table for the Christmas holidays. Some housewives have long begun to make this oriental dessert on their own, pampering their household with an amazing dessert.

Nougat - what is it

Sweet nougat is a sprawling confection with a nutty flavor and aroma. It can be of different consistencies - from thick, viscous to airy, loose, light. Traditionally, sweetness has a nutty aroma, but it also happens with the addition of citrus zest, chocolate, cinnamon, vanilla and other additional components.

What are they made of

Nougat contains sugar or honey, roasted nuts (cashews, hazelnuts, almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts). Some types of dessert contain additional ingredients that give it amazing taste, aromatic notes. Depending on the composition, the consistency of the dessert also changes - from light, airy to firm. Dark and light treats are distinguished according to the color scheme. The first type is made from caramelized sugar, cocoa powder, nuts, it is soft, sometimes even crunchy. The second type is also soft, made from egg whites. There are such well-known varieties of nougat:

  1. Montelimar. Consists of lavender honey, sugar (powdered sugar), glucose syrup, toasted almonds and pistachios.
  2. Turron. The Spanish version of the oriental delicacy, has a white color and more than 50% almonds in the composition.
  3. Turkish. One of the cheapest desserts, cut into small cubes, made from cheap products.

Calorie content and nutritional value

This product is considered high in calories due to its high sugar content. This is also one of the reasons why nougat is in high demand among athletes and the main factor that prohibits its use for people with diabetes. The average calorie content of the product is 400 kcal, it may vary depending on the composition of the ingredients. The nutritional value sweets are as follows: proteins - 7.1 g, carbohydrates - 72.2 g, fats - 10.6 g.

The history of the emergence of delicacies

The name of the product comes from the Latin "nux" - nut and appeared about 6 centuries ago. The origin of the dessert is associated with the Middle East, with ancient Persia, where today (in modern Iran) a similar treat called gas is prepared. In Europe, disputes about the history of the emergence of delicacies between Italy and France still do not subside (nougat is a favorite treat for Christmas in Provence). The most believable, beautiful and version was voiced by Italians.

They claim that the nougat became known on October 25, 1441, on the wedding day of Bianca Maria Visconti and Francesco Sforza. The court confectioner prepared a cake with a tower for the newlyweds - "Torrone", the structure of which was reinforced with a solid mass - nougat. Since then, one of the types of sweetness has been called Turon. Americans produce chocolate bars, in the composition of which there is such a viscous confectionery mixture, but its composition is not even close to classic recipe oriental dessert. In the modern world, the main production of nougat is concentrated in Spain and Belgium.

How to make nougat at home

It is quite possible to cook nougat yourself at home using popular recipes for the world famous dessert. The main thing is to stock up essential products and clearly follow step by step instructions... This is a great way to enjoy delicious oriental food and surprise guests by serving it for tea. Try experimenting by creating such an unusual confectionery masterpiece in your own kitchen.

Food preparation

An important point in the process of preparing oriental sweets is the preparation of the necessary products:

  1. A prerequisite is that the nuts must be fried in a dry frying pan for about 10 minutes to soften and acquire additional flavor.
  2. You need to take only liquid honey, fresh - candied, old honey will not work. It is also heated to make the nougat soft.
  3. During the cooking of sugar syrup, the sand must first be dissolved, and then put the saucepan on the stove. This technique will prevent crystallization of the product; for this, lemon juice is also added to the mass. After boiling, the syrup should not be mixed, it must be left to heat up to 1480 (determined by the temperature probe).

Nougat recipe

There are several ways to make a delicious, aromatic oriental nougat. For each recipe, a dessert is obtained with a different taste, unique aroma and texture. Treat yourself and your family members to a delicious treat, but be aware of the harmful effects of a lot of sweets on the body. Do not forget about the high calorie content of the treat and keep in mind that the calorie content of recipes is indicated per 100 g of the finished product.

  • Time: 14 hours.
  • Servings Per Container: 4 Persons.
  • Calorie content: 390 kcal.
  • Purpose: dessert.
  • Cuisine: oriental.
  • Difficulty: easy.

Nougat with a caramel flavor and nuts is prepared very simply and quickly, but on the other hand, you will get a delicious treat not only for daily tea drinking, but also for festive table... It is not a shame to even present such an oriental sweetness as a gift, if you cut it into portions, strips and pack it in parchment. Fill your everyday life unique flavors with this exquisite culinary masterpiece.

Ingredients:

  • egg white- 2 pcs.;
  • almonds (fried) - 1 tbsp.;
  • honey - 2/3 tbsp.;
  • dried apricots (cut) - 0.5 tbsp.;
  • zest of 0.5 lemon.

Cooking method:

  1. Line a baking sheet with parchment paper.
  2. Place the container of honey on water bath melt
  3. Beat the whites with a mixer (whisk) until firm peaks, combine with honey. Stir until smooth. The result is a mass of caramel shade.
  4. Continue to cook and stir for another 45 minutes, during which time the mass will lighten.
  5. Pour in the rest of the ingredients, continue to keep in a water bath until the mixture is almost white.
  6. Place in a baking sheet, cover with baking paper, and cool overnight.
  7. Cut into strips, wrap in parchment, store in the refrigerator. Bon Appetit!

With peanuts

  • Time: 10 hours.
  • Servings Per Container: 5 Persons.
  • Calorie content: 305 kcal.
  • Purpose: dessert.
  • Cuisine: oriental.
  • Difficulty: easy.

The traditional nougat recipe uses nuts such as cashews, almonds, or hazelnuts for a layer, but modern chefs often add peanuts. Such an ingredient does not spoil the taste of the delicacy at all, but makes it unlike other sweet options. A prerequisite for such a recipe is to boil the sugar syrup before testing it on a hard ball.

Ingredients:

  • water - 125 ml;
  • sugar - 400 g;
  • honey - 120 g;
  • egg whites - 2 pcs.;
  • lemon juice - 1 tsp;
  • fried peanuts - 2 tbsp. l.

Cooking method:

  1. Boil a thick syrup from sugar, water, honey.
  2. Beat with a blender until the proteins are thick, pour in the lemon juice.
  3. While whisking, add the syrup.
  4. Then add the nuts, stir and place in a baking sheet lined with baking paper.
  5. Leave in the room for 6 hours, then put in the refrigerator for final hardening.

Recipe without honey

  • Time: 2 hours.
  • Servings Per Container: 5 Persons.
  • Calorie content of the dish: 450 kcal.
  • Purpose: dessert.
  • Cuisine: oriental.
  • Difficulty: easy.

You can make delicious nougat with a beautiful caramel color without honey, using only sugar. It turns out that the treat is no worse than the traditional one; it is even used to prepare various desserts. In addition to nuts, you can put dried fruits, candied fruits, chocolate chips etc. Cut the resulting knitting at your discretion - in squares, stripes or in the shape of candies.

Ingredients:

  • fried almonds - 0.5 kg;
  • eggs (proteins) - 2 pcs.;
  • butter - 30 g;
  • granulated sugar - 2 tbsp.;
  • water - ½ tbsp.;
  • lemon acid- 0.5 tsp;
  • vanilla stick - 1 pc.

Cooking method:

  1. Combine granulated sugar with water, toss in the vanilla stick, put on the stove, bring to a boil and simmer over low heat for about 5 minutes.
  2. Increase the heat and cook until the temperature of the liquid reaches 1500. We take out the vanilla stick, it has already given its aroma and added a brownish color to the syrup.
  3. Beat the whites. Without stopping the process, pour in a thin stream of syrup.
  4. Add oil, acid, almonds, mix thoroughly.
  5. We distribute the mass according to the forms, leave to harden for an hour. We take it out, cut it arbitrarily.

Chocolate

  • Time: 2.5 hours.
  • Servings Per Container: 2 Persons.
  • Calorie content: 555 kcal.
  • Purpose: dessert.
  • Cuisine: French.
  • Difficulty: easy.

If you have already tried ordinary nougat once, then you should definitely indulge yourself with this kind of sweetness. The traditional treat is similar to its chocolate congener only in consistency, its taste is very different from what we are used to - it is richer and richer. This confection will especially appeal to children and lovers of chocolate sweets.

Ingredients:

  • refined granulated sugar - 50 g;
  • almonds - 100 g;
  • chocolate - 100 g.

Cooking method:

  1. Cook syrup from granulated sugar (thick).
  2. Pour boiling water over the almonds, leave for 10 minutes. Then drain the water, cool the nuts. Remove the husk, grind in a blender (leave a few pieces whole), fry until golden brown in a pan.
  3. Melt the chocolate in a water bath. For a bitter taste, go for black bars with the highest cocoa content.
  4. Combine all the ingredients together, add a handful of whole nuts, stir thoroughly.
  5. Pour into a mold, place in the freezer until it solidifies.

Lemon

  • Time: 4 hours 45 minutes.
  • Servings Per Container: 4 Persons.
  • Calorie content of the dish: 214 kcal.
  • Purpose: dessert.
  • Cuisine: oriental.
  • Difficulty: easy.

Almost all nougat is very sweet, too sweet. Not everyone likes it, so some pastry chefs add dried cherries or lemon zest, which add a piquant sourness to the treat. Additionally, raisins help enrich the taste of oriental confectionery; take dried fruits made from sour grape varieties if you want to further dilute the sweetness of the product.

Ingredients:

  • granulated sugar - 2 tbsp.;
  • juice from 2 lemons;
  • egg white - 1 pc .;
  • raisins - 2 tbsp. l .;
  • walnut - 4 pcs.;
  • flour - 1 tbsp. l .;
  • zest with 2 lemons;
  • water - 2/3 tbsp.

Cooking method:

  1. Peel the nuts, grind, rinse the raisins thoroughly.
  2. Dissolve sugar in water, put on fire, let it boil. Tighten the fire and cook until thick. Then mix with lemon juice.
  3. Beat the protein until fluffy, pour in a trickle to the syrup. Add raisins, nuts, zest, mix.
  4. Sprinkle flour on the working surface of the table, lay out the cooled nougat, roll it out, leave for 4 hours. Cut into portions.

  • Time: 2 days 45 minutes.
  • Servings Per Container: 12 Persons.
  • Calorie content: 359 kcal.
  • Purpose: dessert.
  • Cuisine: oriental.
  • Difficulty: easy.

Nougat stuffed with several types of nuts turns out to be very tasty, and if you also add candied fruits, then the treat will acquire not only additional taste, but also a beautiful marble pattern. Such unusual delicacy will immediately attract the attention of children who love everything bright and unusual. With a clear implementation of all sequential actions, you will be able to make a real work of culinary art.

Ingredients:

  • water - 1 tbsp.;
  • sugar - 800 g;
  • honey - 200 g;
  • egg whites - 3 pcs.;
  • hazelnuts, almonds (fried) - 240 g;
  • candied fruits - 120 g.

Cooking method:

  1. Dissolve granulated sugar in water, boil, cook for about 3 minutes until thickened.
  2. Add honey, cook for another 5 minutes.
  3. Beat the whites into a strong thick foam, pour into the sugar-honey syrup.
  4. Add nuts, candied fruits, mix thoroughly.
  5. Line the bottom and sides of the baking sheet with parchment, grease vegetable oil, pour over the thick mass, refrigerate for 2 days.

Cream nougat

  • Time: 0.5 hours.
  • Servings Per Container: 2 Persons.
  • Calorie content: 683 kcal.
  • Purpose: dessert.
  • Cuisine: oriental.
  • Difficulty: easy.

Sometimes nougat is used in the preparation of cakes (Snickers), therefore it is prepared in the form of a cream. Such a mass is prepared quickly, simply, and is suitable not only for confectionery. Spread on with a creamy treat wafer cakes or a bun - why not breakfast for a student? Plus, it's a great all-day energy boost and a great resource for brain activation.

Ingredients:

  • chocolate - 60 g;
  • butter - 150 g;
  • almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts (roasted) - 1 handful each.

Cooking method:

  1. Remove the oil beforehand so that it becomes soft.
  2. Melt the chocolate in a water bath, chop the nuts.
  3. Mix all ingredients, cool. Can be used as a glaze for baking.

The benefits and harms of oriental sweetness

Nougat is not only delicious treat but also useful. These properties are due to the components that make up:

  1. Nuts - activate brain activity.
  2. Protein - is responsible for the proper development, growth of the body.
  3. Honey - contains fruit acids, mineral salts, healing essential oils, useful amino acids, vitamins.
  4. Chocolate - promotes the production of serotonin (the hormone of happiness).
  5. Carbohydrates are a source of energy.

This amount useful qualities is not a pretext for consuming large quantities of sweets on a daily basis. If you do not follow the measure, you can cause such harm to the body:

  1. Destruction of tooth enamel, violation of the acid-base balance due to the high content of sugar, lactic acid.
  2. An excess of carbohydrates can lead to obesity.
  3. Discuss

    What is nougat - composition and calorie content, step by step recipes cooking

How much does Nougat cost (average price per kg.)?

Moscow and Moscow region

It is known that nougat came not only to us, but also to the cuisines of other European countries from the East. This confection belongs to the category of exquisite oriental sweet dishes, in which the main component that distinguishes this dessert from others is different kinds nuts, with the exception of peanuts.

The traditional recipe for making nougat, which can be safely attributed to the simplest, is as follows. Crushed or whole nuts are laid out in a mold approximately 1-2 cm high and filled with thick sugar syrup or honey. If the delicacy comes out not elastic enough and too liquid, finely grated nuts are also added.

After the nougat has solidified, the layer is cut into small pieces or shaped into various figures. After that, the finished products are rolled into icing sugar, which is often mixed with flour. In order for the nougat not to stick to the form, it is preliminarily covered with cling film or oiled paper.

Nougat can be eaten not only as an independent sweet dish, but also a lot of interesting and unusual dishes can be prepared on its basis. So, for example, it can be layered cakes, fragrant desserts, baked goods and more. In addition, industrial sweets containing nougat include chocolate, sweets, cookies, waffles, toasts, and cakes.

Nougat composition

The composition of nougat must contain the following ingredients: natural honey, egg white and nuts. The last component is mainly roasted almonds, hazelnuts, Walnut but by no means peanuts.

Consistency finished product can vary greatly, from tender and light to thick and firm. It directly depends on the composition of the nougat. In addition, it is not uncommon to add additional aroma and flavor to the product during manufacture lemon zest, cinnamon, vanilla, candied fruits, dried fruits or chocolate.

Currently, there are two main varieties of nougat - brown and white. Brown nougat (harder and more crunchy) is made from caramelized sugar, while white nougat, which is light and airy, is made from egg whites.

The benefits of nougat

Being a high-calorie dish, nougat is especially valuable for those people who are actively involved in physical labor, in particular athletes. By the way, the calorie content of nougat varies depending on its composition, but basically it is approximately 404 kcal per 100 grams. The benefits of nougat lie in the variety of ingredients that are provided by the recipe for making.

So, sweets and nuts have a beneficial effect on brain activity, while natural honey and dried fruits in this product contain a lot of vitamins and other substances beneficial to human health. In addition, in combination with glucose, nuts are considered the strongest natural aphrodisiac, which has a positive effect on both men and women.

Chocolate, which was added to this sweetness much later, also enhances the benefits of nougat, as it not only gives a special refined taste this dessert, but also improves mood and promotes the production of serotonin - the hormone of joy.