Average productivity of the grape bush. The value of the parameter of the yield of grapes from the Raisin bush is obtained in the process of drying grapes 16

12.03.2020

Homemade wine production is becoming more and more popular, as it allows you to get really natural product High Quality. Technical capabilities home winemaking limited, but that does not stop lovers of good homemade wine... There are many unique recipes for intoxicating drinks from grapes, as well as from all kinds of fruits and berries.

When planning the production of homemade wine, especially in the cramped conditions of a city apartment, it is necessary to assess in advance the possibilities and calculate how much berries you need to prepare for wine harvesting.

Grapes are the best material for home winemaking

Grapes are the most popular crop for wine production. Almost all grape varieties are suitable for winemaking. But among the grape variety there are wine (technical) varieties that are distinguished by very juicy pulp and high sugar content, as well as a large amount of wild yeast on the surface of the berries. Among them are Aligote, Bastardo, Merlot, Chardonnay. In our latitudes good wine obtained from nutmeg varieties (Isabella, Lydia).

Lovers of homemade wine also prepare a hoppy drink from cherries, apples, raspberries and other fruits. But it is grapes that are the ideal material for making aromatic natural wines.

The amount of juice in fruits

One of the important characteristics that a winemaker needs is how much juice can be obtained from a kilogram of wine material.

Different fruits contain different amounts of juice. And they also give their juice in different ways. For example, in grapes, pears, apples, juice separation is easy; to obtain juice from it, some efforts and technological tricks are required.

It should be noted that for identical fruits, the amount of juice may differ depending on their variety, region of growth, weather conditions during ripening.

Grapes are the juiciest fruit. From the collected 10 kg of grapes, 7.5 liters of pure juice will be obtained. That is, from 1 kg of quality material, you can make about 0.75 liters of wine, that is, one standard wine bottle!

But they will give only 4.5 liters of juice. To do this, you need to collect 16.7 kg of berries.

Factors affecting the amount of juice

When making wine from grapes, the amount of juice may also depend on the method of obtaining it. It's about grape ridges. Since ancient times, winemakers did not separate the berries, but put heavy grape bunches under the press. When producing grapes at home, it is recommended to make a wine harvest only from grapes.

From 10 kg of pure berries, as noted above, you can get more than 7.5 kg of juice. If the bunches are crumpled, 10 kg of grapes will yield from 6 to 7 liters of juice (the volume depends on the size of the berries, grape variety).

If you plan to get 10 liters finished products, then when making homemade wine using sugar, you need to take into account that 1 kg of granulated sugar increases the volume of the wine stock by about 0.6 liters. In addition, in many recipes, the juice is diluted with a certain amount of water.

These simple arithmetic calculations will help to fairly accurately estimate the volume of finished wine and choose the right containers for its production, which is important in home winemaking conditions. For example, for 10-12 kg of wine you will need the following dishes: a 20-liter glass bottle for fermentation (sulia), a 20-liter enamel pan.

How to calculate the number of grapes

If a natural grape drink is made using industrial technology (press), then up to 70% of the juice by weight of the grapes is obtained.
That is, when using a professional production press, 30 kg of grapes are needed for 20 liters of must.

In a home-grown environment, it is much more difficult to ensure maximum spin. Even if there is a home press. Therefore, for 20 liters of juice, you will have to process grapes from 35 to 40 kg. Some of the juice will inevitably remain in the pulp. Therefore, the pomace is recommended to be used for the production of secondary wine or grape moonshine(chacha).

If the juice is squeezed out by hand, then a 20-liter container will require about 23-24 kg of grapes. As a result, the drink will be 10–12 liters.

When fermenting wine into a container, do not fill more than 3/4 of the volume. Thus, a twenty-liter sulet will need 15-17 kg of grapes. And, accordingly, the output will be 7–8 liters of young wine.

Calculation example

Let's say you are planning to make wine from ripe juicy grapes. It is from these fruits that very good wines are made.

Typically, the acidity of the juice of sweet grape varieties is approximately 0.7%. This wort is not diluted with water. If the sugar content of grape berries is about 25%, then the addition of sugar for wine production is not required. That is, the wine material is of high quality, which allows you to get natural wine hail wine.
There are containers that will ensure the normal fermentation of 10 liters of wort. Determine how many grapes are needed.

According to the data, the yield of pure juice from 10 kg of grapes is approximately 7.5 liters. We solve a simple problem from the school course:

10 (kg) - 7.5 (l)
X (kg) - 10 (l)
Therefore, X = (10x10) / 7.5 = 13.3 (kg)

So, for ten liters of grape juice, you need to buy / collect 13.3 kg of berries.
Grape must (juice) has an acidity of 0.7%, sugar content 25%.

After fermenting, a wine stock with such characteristics will turn into natural wine, the strength of which is about 12% vol.

If the wine-making technology is matured, all stages of fermentation went well, then about 5% of sugar will remain in the wine. The taste of the drink will correspond to a semi-sweet wine.

Thus, starting the mystery of making wine, you can quite accurately determine how many grapes are needed to obtain the planned volume of the drink. Similar calculations can be made for any wine material, including sugar and water, if such ingredients are included in the recipe.

Each grape variety has a specific list of basic characteristics. The key factor that determines the quality of a variety is its yield. The parameters of the possible obtaining of fruits of a certain weight from a bush or from a unit of area are actively used to select suitable grape varieties.

A key factor in the quality of a grape variety is its yield.

But if you think about it, in terms of yield, not everything is so simple and clear. This characteristic is conditional, it depends on many external and internal factors. And only the observance of all these factors will make it possible to achieve a high yield of grapes. What does the concept of productivity include, what factors it depends on and how to achieve its maximum performance - all these questions are necessary for detailed consideration.

Productivity as a characteristic of grapes

Productivity is the main varietal characteristic of grapes. In the descriptions of a variety, you can find a parameter that assigns grapes to a certain classification category. The classification of grape varieties by yield includes the following categories:

low-yielding;
average yield;
high-yielding.

You can often find information where the yield of grapes is estimated in kilograms per bush. But this is not a completely correct assessment of the quality of the fruiting volumes. According to the rules of viticulture, the yield is estimated in kilograms per square meter. The binding is done to the nutritional area of the bush, as a key parameter affecting the size of the crop. Data in kilograms per bush are given for the convenience of calculations. Such an assessment allows one to estimate the size of the berries obtained by each winegrower without using special calculations. When you indicate the figure of 30 kg per bush, it becomes clear what kind of harvest you can expect and how many bushes are needed to get the desired result. A person without experience or a novice winegrower, the figures are 30 kg per sq. m. or 3 tons from 1 hectare, can put in a difficult position when assessing the yield.

According to the rules of viticulture, the yield is estimated in kilograms per square meter.

Based on the feeding area of the bush, the following grape yield classification is used:

Low-yielding varieties - from 2-4 sq. m. feeding area gives up to 5 kg of fruit per bush.
Medium-yielding - from 5 to 8 kg.
Harvested - from 8 to 10 kg.
High-yielding - from 10-12 kg.

When using large areas (industrial cultivation of grapes), measurements are made in centners (tons) per hectare (hectare of area). 10 tons per hectare (1 kg per 1 sq. M.) On an industrial scale is an indicator of high yields. When compared with amateur "requirements" - these figures are very small. An amateur with good care of the bush achieves indicators of 3-5 kg. In modern conditions, on specialized plantations for industrial cultivation of grapes, yield indicators have been brought to the level of 120-150 centners per hectare.

At the amateur level, the most prolific varieties can produce up to 350-400 centners per hectare. The average here is 200 centners per hectare.

Productivity depends on the number of shoots, inflorescences on them, the weight of the bunches per unit area. The larger the nutrient area for the development of roots and the older the bush, the higher yields it will achieve with the proper level of care. Yield growth is observed during the first 8-9 years fruiting bush. After that, a period of stagnation and a gradual decrease in fruiting rates begins, until the rejuvenation of the ground part of the bush begins.

It should be understood that a high yield from one bush (figures of 100 kg per plant are often given) does not always reflect an objective picture and is not the best option for everyone. A crop of this weight can only be achieved from a very large and overgrown bush, which has reached the age of at least 6-8 years. It clearly demonstrates the benefits and non-randomness of linking the assessment of yield to the nutrient area. On the site occupied by a plant with a yield of 100 kg, you can safely plant two bushes, and in total they will yield a yield of 1 centner at an earlier age. That is, it is better to plant two bushes and get 100 kg of harvest in 5 years, than to have one and wait for such a yield for 8 years just for the sake of big statistics.

High productivity from one bush does not always reflect an objective picture.

Growth and load on the bush

In addition to the very concept of yield, the quality of the crop is influenced by other parameters of the characteristics of the variety. So, high yields can only be obtained from varieties that are characterized by strong vigor. If you come across a description of a variety that is characterized by both high yields and low growth rates, you should be wary of the reliability of such data. Most likely, one of the two parameters does not correspond to reality. The optimal growth rate is from 25 kg of bunches per bush. But here you need to look at the indicators characteristic of a particular variety.

Productivity is inextricably linked with the level of stress on the bush. That is, each plant must carry the optimal number of bunches, which it can provide "nutrition" in full. For this, the root system of the grapes must be sufficient in relation to the surface part. The imbalance towards the "aboveground" part of the bush due to the large number of formed bunches, leads to overloading of the bush, when it cannot fully provide all areas with the required amount of nutrients. This leads to a decrease in yields, pea berries, vulnerability to painful lesions. Throughout the season, developing and emerging fruits must be provided with all the necessary substances and elements.

For each grape variety, the average volume of the optimal load on the bush is determined, that is, the data is known how many bunches a bush needs for normal growth and development. In order to avoid overloading the bush, activities are periodically carried out to trim them. It is held twice a season: in spring and autumn. In autumn, the optimal number of eyes is left on the vine, with a margin in case some dies in winter and does not bloom in spring (2-3 additional eyes on the arrow). In spring and summer, the load is adjusted by removing excess inflorescences.

The load rate on a bush is determined in two ways:

using complex formulas;
through practical observation.

Productivity is inextricably linked with the level of stress on the bush.

The first method for determining the load is relevant for scientific institutions; it is quite difficult for an amateur to obtain accurate data using it. Experienced growers determine the load by observing the condition of the vines on the bush. If in the previous season the vines developed thin, with insufficient internodes in length and a large number of small bunches, the bush was overloaded, many shoots and bunches were preserved on it. Taking these observations into account, an adjustment is made - the number of shoots and bunches decreases. On the contrary, if the internodes were of considerable length (from 12 to 15 cm), and the vine has developed more than 12 cm in diameter, such a bush is underused, which requires a decrease in the volume of cutting off shoots and inflorescences. At the first fruiting of young grapes, 5-6 inflorescences are left to determine the degree of load of the selected variety.

Factors Affecting Yield

When choosing a suitable variety, you should first look at the yield class. But it does not always play a decisive role in practice. Yields can be influenced by many other factors. What factors affect the yield:

Sufficiency of light and heat. When planting bushes in lowlands, on northern slopes, in shaded areas, the grapes may be deprived of the necessary amount of light. This fact will certainly affect the yield. The heat-loving nature of grapes has an even more significant effect on the volume of fruiting. The soil and air must be warmed up to the optimum temperatures for a particular grape variety so that it produces the expected volume of fruit of the proper quality. The optimum soil temperature for vines is + 28-32 degrees.
Provision of the required amount of moisture. It is necessary to avoid both insufficient amount of moisture and its excess. Both situations will affect harvest volumes.
Provision of the whole complex of nutrients and microelements.
Protection from pests and absence of disease-causing lesions.
Competent care of bushes (systematic and timely pruning, shaping, etc.).
Shelter for the winter, frost protection.
Compliance with the distances between bushes and rows. The more free space "allocated" to the bush, the greater its prospects for high productivity.

There are more than 900 types of grapes in the world. All of them differ in the size of berries, color, taste. The grape harvest of the bush is also different for each variety. When choosing a plant, yield is of great importance. But it is not so easy to find out which variety gives the most fruits, without sacrificing the quality, taste, size of the berries.

There is a yield classification to which each variety of this plant can be attributed. But, this is all very conditional. It cannot be said with certainty that one type will give 100% higher yields than another. There is always the possibility that in practice it will turn out differently than in theory.

short info

One of the distinguishing characteristics of grape varieties is their yield. In various sources, each plant variety belongs to one of the types of grape classification. There are 3 categories of yield classification:

high productivity;
average yield;
low productivity.

Usually the yield from one bush is measured in kilograms. But, this is not a completely objective assessment of the productivity of the bush. That's right, according to the recommendations of professionals, you need to calculate the number of kilograms not from a bush, but from a square meter of planted shrubs. In Ukraine and Russia, they are measured in kilograms per bush, for ease of counting for amateurs, especially beginners. For example, if the weight per bush is 30 kg of fruit, then you can calculate the number of bushes required for planting in order to get the yield from the vineyard as much as planned. If 30 kg per square meter is indicated, then inexperienced novice winegrowers have difficulties with the calculation.

Description of the yield of grapes

The classification from the area of the vineyard has certain meanings.

Low yield. For 2-4 square meters - 5 kg of fruit.
The average yield is 8 kilograms.
Harvest - 10 kilograms.
Good harvest - 12 kilograms.

This scheme is suitable for hobbyists with few bushes. For whom viticulture has a commercial basis, the calculation is made in centners or tons per hectare. The indicators of a good harvest for professionals differ from those for amateurs. In Ukraine, a high yield of the industrial direction is considered - 10 tons / 1 ha. If translated into kilograms and meters, then it turns out 1 kg / 1sq.m. For amateurs, this is a low figure. With proper care of the shrub, they can achieve 5 kg / 1 sq. m. Nevertheless, the best industrial vineyards, in modern Ukraine, yield up to 150 centners per one hundred square meters.

The yield is also influenced by the number of shoots, inflorescences, and the weight of bunches per unit area. Taking into account the large amount of high-quality fertilizer and the age of the shrub (the older, the better), high yields can be achieved. Yields peak at the age of 8. After that, the yield gradually decreases, the quality of the fruit deteriorates. To renew the plant, it is necessary to rejuvenate the ground part of the bush.

An indicator of high yield from one bush does not mean that it will always be this way, and that other bushes of the same variety will behave the same way. If the bush gave 100 kg of fruit, it does not mean that the result will be the same next year. Such indicators can be achieved only with hard work on the bush for at least 7 years. Usually, this is a large overgrown grape bush that can go beyond 1 sq. m. Therefore, it is advisable to count not 1 bush / 1 kg, but 1 sq. m. m. / 1 kg.

To an inexperienced winegrower, such a result may seem like the ultimate dream. But, in fact, everything is not what it seems. The shrub from which you can get 100 kg of fruit is quite large. Instead, you can plant two young bushes, which together will give a centner of grapes, but much earlier than this one bush gave. And upon reaching 7 years, the same 2 bushes will give much more than 100 kg.

Bush growth

It is not only the figure of the estimated yield that influences the choice of grapes. There are also factors worth paying attention to. The vines that the plant can achieve plays an important role. If the description of a grape variety says that the yield is high and the vigor is low, you need to take this with caution. Perhaps, when drawing up the characteristics of this plant variety, a mistake was made.

The acceptable growth rate is considered to be at least 25 kg of brushes per bush. However, each variety is different and the figure may differ from the one provided. For example, 25 for a species such as Codryanka is low, and for Charlie it is high.

Grape yield Charlie (Anthracite) 2016

Armenian farmers grow record grape harvest

Israeli tomatoes produce two crops a year

Good grape harvest and sales problems

This year's strawberry harvest is significantly larger than last

Load on grapes

The stress on the grapes also plays a significant role in the annual yield of the shrub. For each bush, a certain weight of the fruit is laid. The wider the root zone of the bush, the greater the weight of the berries can be. But, it is not a fact that a plant can provide enough nutrients for so many fruits. That is, if you intend to increase the yield, you can easily go too far, and achieve a decline in fertility, deterioration in the quality of berries, and susceptibility to diseases. In order for the grapes to produce the maximum, you need to find a middle ground, not to overdo it due to the desire to get more than possible.

To achieve optimal load and growth of the plant, there is pruning, removal of shoots. Twice a year you need to do this business so that the bush develops normally. This procedure is performed in spring and autumn. In autumn, removing excess shoots, 2 eyes are left more than the recommended amount, since when cold weather sets in, not all shoots can survive. Those left behind play the role of spare. In the spring, excess inflorescences are removed to control the load on the plant. How to calculate the optimal load on grapes?

With the help of complex formulas, "unaffordable" for beginners.
Thanks to intuition, practice, advice from more experienced winegrowers.

Formulas are rarely used. Basically, they are used by scientific institutions engaged in increasing selection at a professional level. Grape growers who already have experience look after the condition of the vines. If at the last harvest they were thin, and the berries were small, then there was an overload. In this case, you need to cut off excess shoots. If, on the contrary, internodes are about 15 cm, the stems are dense, up to 12 cm in diameter, then you need to cut off the shoots less.

How to increase yields

Avoiding technical mistakes, considering the following rules, you can grow a good vineyard:

provide the plant with access to heat and light;
control the required amount of moisture;
nutrition of grapes must contain all important elements (organic matter, mineral fertilizers);
prevention and protection from external pests and diseases;
timely pruning of shoots;
shelter from the cold in the winter season;
when planting, leave a large distance between the bushes for greater productivity;
if all else fails, plant a new seedling.

You need to understand that yield tables, shrub load schemes, and other characteristics are all theoretically. After all, if you plant the same grape variety in the Crimea and St. Petersburg, it is unlikely that the same yield will come out. Therefore, you need to take into account all the factors in order to increase the fruitfulness of the grapes, which will only delight you in the future.

Productivity is one of the main characteristics of the variety and, of course, interests every winegrower. Beginners often ask - how many kilograms of grapes can be obtained from one bush? It mainly depends on the variety, there are record holders giving 200-300 kilograms per bush. The literature describes a plant that, at the age of 170, occupied an area of 0.5 hectares, had a trunk with a perimeter of 210 cm and provided a yield of up to 10 tons.

Generally, the yield is estimated not by kilograms per bush, but by kilograms per square meter of vineyards. And if they talk about bushes, they are sure to be tied to the area of their food. For example, with a feeding area of 2.5-4 square meters, those that give 5 kilograms per bush are considered low-yielding, 5-8 kilograms of average yield, 8-10 pounds of high yield, 12 and more high-yielding.

For industrial viticulture, the yield is 1 kg per 1 square meter. (100 kg / ha) is already considered high, but for an amateur it is very little. An amateur vineyard with good care is capable of providing 3-5 kg per 1 sq. It must be borne in mind that only strong bushes can give high yields. It is impossible to get a large harvest on the weak, even with the observance of the technology. For large formations, it is better to take vigorous varieties that will yield at least 25 kg of bunches per bush.

Yes, the variety decides everything, and it happens that a beginner bought seedlings good grade, even saw his brushes, but on the personal plot he does not give the expected results. There can be many reasons for this. Let's try to figure them out.

With insufficient light and heat (plantations are located in lowlands, on the slopes of the northern exposure, in partial shade or in the shade of buildings), the yield decreases almost proportionally to the decrease in lighting, but even more depends on the air temperature and soil temperature. The most optimal soil temperature for grapes is + 28-32 °. It is also possible to increase the flow of heat by keeping bushes on ground formations, placing heat-reflecting screens on the northern side of the bushes or covering with plastic wrap. Dark stones near the bushes accumulate heat well, which heat up during the day and give energy at night. It is possible to cover the ground between the rows with black foil.

Water the plants in moderation and only with heated water. Lack of sufficient moisture in the soil - significantly affects the grapes during the opening of the buds, the growth of shoots and berries. During the intensive growth of shoots, inflorescences of the next year's harvest are laid in the cells. With a lack of moisture, antennae develop from the buds of inflorescences in the buds, reducing the yield of the current year. That is why it is important to carry out water-charging irrigation in autumn, and in winters with little snow - to water the bushes in spring.

Excess moisture in the soil also negatively affects yield. At the same time, the inflorescences in the cells are poorly laid, the vine matures poorly, the quality of the crop decreases (high wateriness and low sugar percentage), and, moreover, ripening is delayed. Excess moisture during the flowering period leads to strong "pea" berries and incomplete bunches. This also leads to a deterioration in soil aeration, disruption of the normal course of plant physiological processes. The roots get wet and the bushes die. Therefore, with an excess of moisture, it is taken out of the vineyard through the drainage system, and at the first signs of chlorosis (the leaf blade is yellow, deformed, underdeveloped, the nodes of the shoots are thickened, the shoots are easily broken, inflorescences do not form on the bushes) they are brought under the root or along the leaves 0.25 - percentage solution of ferrous sulfate.

Humidity and air temperature during flowering greatly affect the pollination of flowers. At temperatures below 15 °, pollen germinates slowly, and at 10 ° it does not germinate at all (the optimum temperature is + 22-28 °). If the weather is dry during flowering (above 30 ° with a relative humidity of less than 45 percent), fertilization does not occur at all. The same happens with very high humidity - about 100 percent. During the rain, the pollen is washed off, and the matter does not reach fertilization either. Where is the exit? In dry hot weather, it is necessary to increase the humidity of the air by micro-sprinkling, and where it rains constantly, it is advisable to cover the bushes with a film.

Under favorable climatic conditions nice results gives additional and artificial pollination of inflorescences, pinching the tops of shoots, removing part of the leaves in the cluster area (to improve pollen circulation), pollination of inflorescences during flowering with ground sulfur (stimulates fertilization).

The shortage and low level of agricultural technology, in turn, also affects the yield. It is necessary to take care of the grape bushes systematically, evenly distribute the growth on the trellis, and carry it out regularly. With a lack of trace elements in the soil, the bushes grow poorly, the berries and clusters become smaller, the shoots stop growing early. But an excess of chemical elements, especially nitrogen, is harmful. The latter greatly reduces the frost resistance of the bushes and the fruitfulness of the buds, the fertilization of flowers. As a result, there are few berries in the bunches, or even none at all, the vine does not ripen well.

Pests of grapes also have a great influence on productivity. Despite the widespread introduction of resistant varieties and hybrid forms of grapes, it is advisable to treat the bushes before and after flowering against and, while adding colloidal or dispersed sulfur (0.5-1 percent) to the solution a second time. By the way, there are practically no absolutely resistant grape varieties to powdery mildew. It should be remembered that it is easier to prevent this disease than to get rid of it, since this will lead to losses.

It is necessary to be very careful when purchasing planting material, especially imported. Before you buy, ask what region it was brought from. Crimea, southern Ukraine and Russia, Moldova - a zone of complete or partial infection with phylloxera (root aphid). If you received planting material from these regions, it is desirable and even necessary to decontaminate it in the quarantine inspections of your area.

The most important factors that ensure high and sustainable grape yields are the annual pruning of the bushes, the correct load and appropriate formations.

Long-sleeved high-stemmed, arched formations allow for very large yields (25-50 percent higher than short-sleeved formations). Often the reasons for the low return of the bushes is non-compliance with the recommended length of pruning of vines for fruiting. If you leave a large supply of eyes, the harvest will increase this year, but will decrease significantly next year. Leave few cells - you will get a shortage of harvest, the bushes will begin to fatten and poorly lay inflorescences in the cells. Therefore, it is better to leave the optimal number of cells with subsequent rationing of the yield when carrying out the first breaking off of excess shoots. Especially should be warned against overloading the bunches even before the complete formation of the skeleton and root system.

From the material above, you can see how many different factors affect the final result. Not only - each, but also each specific variety or hybrid form reacts in its own way to changes in agro-climatic growing conditions. Even growers with quite a lot of experience sometimes puzzle over the question of why, I saw and accepted a variety with some parameters, and received completely different ones on my site. This is especially true for new hybrid forms. The younger she is, the greater the risk that specific growth conditions will not suit her.

This last point does not apply to collectors. These are people who are fanatical in their business, whom nothing can stop in search of new varieties. It is thanks to them that other amateur winegrowers can use what has been tested by collectors without any risk to themselves. Honor and praise to them for that. But at the same time, I would like to note that this is an irrational version of viticulture. To ensure that high and high-quality yields are obtained, no more than 6-8 of the best varieties should be grown on your site, while following the rules of high agricultural technology, timely protection from pests and diseases, reliably protecting the bushes from frost.

Have you noticed a mistake in the text?

Select it with the mouse and press Ctrl + Enter