Acetic acid salt with calcium. Calcium Acetate - Non-toxic and Healthy Acetic Acid Salt

Calcium acetate is a white crystalline or amorphous substance that dissolves well in water. Also calcium salt acetic acid comes in the form of needles or granules. The product has a pronounced smell and taste of vinegar. Molecular weight of compound = 158.1 grams per mole. Salt decomposition and melting occurs at 160 degrees Celsius.

A substance is obtained by exposure acetic acid on oxide, hydroxide or .

The connection is used:

• in laboratories to obtain acetone , complex acetic acid esters , potassium acetate , analogs of dry alcohol;
• as catalyst when cooking lavsana in the textile industry;
• v Food Industry as a preservative E263 ;
• in medicine as phosphoric acid anion adsorbent , to restore calcium levels in patients with renal insufficiency on.

Formula Calcium Acetate Dihydrate : Ca (CH3COO) 2 2H2O.

pharmachologic effect

Normalizes the balance of phosphorus-calcium in the blood.

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

The substance absorbs phosphorus from the gastrointestinal tract, reducing its serum level. Also, the tool has the ability to restore a positive balance. Ca in patients with kidney disease of any severity (including those undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis ).

Indications for use

The drug is used:

• when conducting hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis ;
• sick hyperphosphatemia, with low calcium levels with an insufficiently effective diet;
• to mineralize bones and reduce serum phosphorus levels;
• as part of various drugs for treatment burns, , to replenish blood loss.

Contraindications

• at hypercalcemia ;
• patients with severe vascular calcification ;
• if available on its components.

Side effects

During therapy with a drug, side reactions, as a rule, do not appear.

Calcium Acetate, application instruction (Way and dosage)

If the substance is included in the composition of multicomponent solutions for intravenous administration, it should be used according to the instructions attached to the preparations.

Calcium Acetate Tablets are administered orally with meals.

The maximum amount of a substance that is safe to take per day is 1500 mg.

The dosage is set on an individual basis, according to the results of analyzes for calcium and phosphate.

The duration of treatment is determined by the doctor.

Overdose

Symptoms of a systematic overdose drug: nausea, loss of appetite. It is recommended to stop taking the product.

The invention relates to the production of acetic acid salts. Calcium acetate is obtained by treating an oxide, hydroxide, calcium carbonate or their mixture with 52-65% acetic acid at a stoichiometric ratio of the starting components, followed by crystallization and drying of the product. Crystallization is carried out by holding the product for at least 16 hours, and its drying is carried out at 80-100 ° C. As a result, the yield of calcium acetate is increased to 88-96%, and a high degree of product purity is achieved. 1 wp f-ly, 1 tab.

The invention relates to methods for producing acetic acid salts, in particular calcium acetate. A known method of producing calcium acetate, which consists in the interaction of calcium carbonate with acetic acid when heated, followed by filtration of the solution and evaporation of the filtrate with constant acidification. After cooling the filtrate, the precipitated calcium acetate crystals are separated on a Buchner funnel and dried at 60-70 o C. The yield of the target product is 53% of the stoichiometric value, the purity is about 100% (Karjakin Yu.I., Angelov II, Pure Chemical substances, M., Chemistry, 1974, p. 153). This method makes it possible to obtain calcium acetate with a purity that meets the requirements for chemical reagents. The implementation of this method is quite complex and energy intensive. Implementation (mastering) of this method in large-scale production is impractical for a number of reasons. The main disadvantages of the method of crystallization of calcium acetate from dilute solutions are as follows: 1) low yield of crystalline calcium acetate hydrate due to its high solubility in water (~ 30%); 2) separation of crystals on the filter; 3) the presence of a filtrate with a high content of calcium acetate dissolved in water; 4) the problem of separating calcium acetate from the filtrate solution (by evaporation), 5) processing and disposal of the liquid phase (filtrate). All of the above problems are removed if the reaction is carried out in the solid phase. A known method of producing calcium-magnesium acetate by the interaction of dolomite with glacial acetic acid. This method is chosen by the applicant for a prototype (Application Germany 3705618, C 07 C 53/10, 1988). The method is as follows. Oxides or hydroxides of calcium and magnesium (calcined dolomite and / or lime, respectively, slaked) are treated with a small excess (2-10%, preferably 5% relative to the stoichiometric amount) of 85-100% acetic acid, the reaction is carried out in a continuous mixer with simultaneous granulating the reaction mixture. Water and residual acetic acid are removed at a temperature of 110-160 o C in a moving bed dryer. The purity of the finished product is ~ 70%, the content of soluble impurities is ~ 30%. This method is quite technologically advanced, since the reaction is carried out in the solid phase. However, the final product has a low purity (low content of the basic substance), since an excess of acetic acid leads to the formation of an acid salt. In addition, the amount of acetic acid used in the known method (in relation to the amount of dolomite), as well as the duration of mixing dolomite with acetic acid, do not ensure complete completion of the reaction of neutralization of acetic acid with dolomite, since under such conditions the reaction proceeds only on the surface of solid particles, and diffusion of the acid into the particles is hindered due to the formation of calcium acetate on their surface. As a result, the final product is a mixture of calcium-magnesium acetate (~ 70%) and unreacted hydroxides for calcium-magnesium oxides, as evidenced by the presence of insoluble impurities in the target product. The finished product has a technical purpose, it is used to prepare mixtures that lower the freezing point of water. The object of the invention is to develop a method for producing calcium acetate, which makes it possible to increase the purity of the basic substance without complicating the technology. The problem is solved by the proposed invention, according to which in the method of obtaining calcium acetate, including the treatment of oxide, hydroxide, calcium carbonate or their mixtures with acetic acid, crystallization and drying of the product, the treatment is carried out with 52-65% acetic acid at a stoichiometric ratio of the starting components, and crystallization carried out by keeping the synthesis product in time for at least 16 hours. Such conditions for the synthesis of calcium acetate make it possible to increase the purity of the final product, since they ensure the complete reaction of the interaction of calcium compounds with acetic acid. In this case, the treatment of calcium compounds with acetic acid in the selected ratio leads to the formation of an intermediate product that does not contain a liquid phase, which allows the process to be carried out without filtration. Acetic acid concentration of 52-65% is optimal for carrying out the reaction without filtration, since at acetic acid concentrations below 52%, a liquid paste is obtained, which must be filtered in order to separate solid calcium acetate crystals from a solution containing 25-30% calcium acetate dissolved in water ... At a concentration of acetic acid above 65%, a mixture of calcium acetate crystals with an unreacted starting material is formed, since the acid solution is insufficient, since the reaction proceeds on the surface of solid particles, and diffusion of the acid into the particles is hindered due to the formed acetate on their surface, as a result of which the final product is a mixture of calcium acetate with a starting calcium compound. When such a product is dissolved in water, there is an insoluble residue of CaO, Ca (OH) 2 or GaCO 3. At an acid concentration of 52-65% and a stoichiometric ratio of the starting components, a thick paste is formed that does not contain an excess of the liquid phase. When the synthesis product is kept for at least 16 h before drying, white needle-like crystals of calcium acetate, readily soluble in water, are formed in the reaction vessel. A decrease in the holding time does not allow the neutralization reaction to be carried out to the end, as evidenced by a decrease in the purity of calcium acetate and the presence of an impurity of the initial calcium compound (Ca (OH) 2, CaO, CaCO 3) in the finished product. Exposure of the product for much more than 16 hours (according to experimental data, up to 1.5 months in a closed container) does not affect its quality. The method in pilot production is carried out as follows: a stoichiometric amount of acetic acid solution is poured into the reactor and the initial calcium compound (Ca (OH) 2, CaO, CaCO 3) is gradually poured or half of the original acetic acid solution is poured, after which the compound is poured in portions, with stirring calcium for 15-30 minutes and the remaining amount of acetic acid is added, the reaction mass is cooled to room temperature, the intermediate product is left in the reactor or unloaded into a polyethylene container and kept at room temperature in a closed container for at least 16 hours. During this time, calcium acetate crystals are formed. Wet acetate is dried at a temperature of 80-100 o C and atmospheric pressure for 4-5 hours. Drying is possible at temperatures below 80 o C, however, the dehydration time increases 2-3 times. Drying at temperatures above 100 o C is impractical, since the decomposition of calcium acetate into calcium oxide and acetone is observed. Example 1. Synthesis from CaO Synthesis is carried out in a mixer of the brand CM-25 with a volume of 25 liters, equipped with a jacket for supplying cooling water and two Z-shaped stirrers. Calcium oxide weighing 4.5 kg is weighed on a dial balance. Measure out 16.5 liters of 55% acetic acid solution. From this volume, 8.5 liters are poured into the mixer, cooling water is supplied to the mixer jacket, the mixer is turned on, and 4.5 kg of CaO are sprinkled in small portions for 25-30 minutes. The reaction proceeds with an increase in temperature to 80-90 o C, the volume of the reaction mass increases by ~ 1.5-2 times. After reducing the temperature to 40-50 o C poured the remainder of acetic acid 8.0 l. When the temperature in the reaction mass reaches 25 o C, the finished product is discharged into an intermediate container with a volume of 30-50 liters, covered with a lid and kept at atmospheric pressure and room temperature for 16 hours. Example 2. Synthesis from Ca (OH) 2 For synthesis, take 6, 0 kg Ca (OH) 2 and 16.7 liters of 55% acetic acid solution. The synthesis is carried out according to example 1. Example 3. Synthesis from CaCO 3 For the synthesis, take 6.0 kg of CaCO 3 and 12.4 liters of 55% acetic acid solution. The synthesis is carried out according to example 1. Example 4. The synthesis of calcium acetate from a mixture of oxide, hydroxide and calcium carbonate is carried out as in example 1, while the required volume of 50% acetic acid is calculated according to the formula Vux acid = a CaO 3.67 + B Ca (OH) 2 2.78 + C CaCO 3 2.06
where a CaO, B Ca (OH) 2, C CaCO 3 are the mass fractions of the components CaO, Ca (OH) 2 and CaCO 3, respectively;
Vux.acid - the volume of acetic acid. For example, for synthesis, take 6 kg of a mixture (2 kg of CaO, Ca (OH) 2 and CaCO 3) and
Vux. acid = 2kg CaO 3.67 + 2kg Ca (OH) 2 2.78 + 2kg CaCO 3 2.06 = 7.34 + 5.56 + 4.12 = 17.02 l. The conditions for the synthesis and drying of calcium acetate and the obtained quality characteristics of the target product are presented in the table, where examples 1-11 show the data relating to the claimed invention. Examples N 12-23 are given for comparison and contain data on the synthesis conditions outside the limits of the claimed. The results shown in the table prove the following:
1. The purity obtained by the proposed method of calcium acetate is 100.1-101.4%, which is significantly higher than the known method. The finished product yield is from 88.1 to 96.4%
2. When using acetic acid above the stoichiometric ratio, an acid salt is formed (examples N 12-14), which reduces the purity of the product;
3. When the wet acetate is kept for less than 16 hours, the product does not recrystallize until the end, and when dry acetate is dissolved in water, there is an insoluble admixture of the initial calcium compound, in this case the purity of the product and the yield are removed (examples N 15-17);
4. With an increase in the concentration of acetic acid above 65%, the reaction in the solid phase does not go through to the end, and when dry acetate is dissolved in water, there is also an insoluble impurity of the original calcium compound, in this case the purity of the product and the yield are reduced (examples N 18-20);
5. An increase in the drying temperature over 100 o C shortens the drying time, but leads to partial decomposition of the finished product and a decrease in its purity and yield (examples N 21-23). Literature
1. Karyakin Yu.I., Angelov I.I. Pure chemicals. M. Ed. Chemistry. 1974. S. 153. 2. Application of the Federal Republic of Germany N 3705618, IPC G 07 C 3/10, priority 21.02.87.

Claim

1. A method of obtaining calcium acetate, including the treatment of oxide, hydroxide, calcium carbonate or their mixture with acetic acid, crystallization and drying of the product, characterized in that the treatment is carried out with 52-65% acetic acid at a stoichiometric ratio of the starting components, crystallization is carried out by holding in the time of the synthesis product not less than 16 hours. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the drying of the product is carried out at 80 - 100 o C.

The invention relates to an improved method for producing cobalt salts of monocarboxylic acids C2-C3 (MCC), in particular their aqueous solutions, which are used in the chemical industry as reagents and raw materials for producing cobalt catalysts

The invention relates to organometallic chemistry, namely to new compounds, specifically to salts of (4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl) -propionic acid of the general formula where R = C (CH3) 3, Me is a metal selected from groups: Zn, Ba, Ca, Cd, Al, Sn, Mg, Cr + 3, Mn + 2, n - metal valence, n = 2 - 4, which can be used as a stabilizer for polymers and additives to oils

The invention relates to the field of synthesis of organic metal salts, such as metal 2-ethylhexanoates, which are used in the production of polymeric materials, stabilizers and modifying additives that allow changing the rheological properties of polymeric materials, as well as additives to dyes, varnishes, lubricants and starting materials for deposition of films of complex oxides

History of the name

Burnt wood salt - the old name of calcium acetate - in the old days was obtained by dry distillation of wood, due to which the wood naturally charred, "burnt". Due to the fact that the method of dry distillation of wood has been used by alchemists since time immemorial, it is impossible to establish the person who gave this name to this salt or who first received it.

Receiving

In the laboratory, they are obtained by the action of acetic acid on calcium carbonate, oxide or hydroxide.

$\backslash \; mathsf\; (2CH\_3COOH\; +\; CaCO\_3\; \backslash \; rightarrow\; Ca\; (CH\_3COO)\; \_2\; +\; H\_2O\; +\; CO\_2\; \backslash \; uparrow)$ $\backslash \; mathsf\; (2CH\_3COOH\; +\; CaO\; \backslash \; rightarrow\; Ca\; (CH\_3COO)\; \_2\; +\; H\_2O)$ $\backslash \; mathsf\; (2CH\_3COOH\; +\; Ca\; (OH)\; \_2\; \backslash \; rightarrow\; Ca\; (CH\_3COO)\; \_2\; +\; 2H\_2O)$

Application

Has no industrial application.

Used in the laboratory for the production of dimethyl ketone (acetone). This reaction is carried out by heating calcium acetate to 160 ° C:

$\backslash \; mathsf\; (Ca\; (CH\_3COO)\; \_2\; \backslash \; xrightarrow\; (160\; ^\; \backslash \; circ\; C)\; CaCO\_3\; +\; (CH\_3)\; \_2CO)$

It is because of this reaction that calcium acetate cannot be stored or dried near an open fire, and rooms in which work with calcium acetate is carried out must be equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation.

It can also be used in the laboratory for the preparation of acetic acid esters - alkylacetates:

$\backslash \; mathsf\; (Ca\; (CH\_3COO)\; \_2\; +\; 2CH\_3CH\_2Br\; \backslash \; rightarrow\; CaBr\_2\; +\; 2CH\_3COOCH\_2CH\_3)$

Also calcium acetate is used to obtain potassium acetate by exchange reactions from potassium carbonate and / or bicarbonate:

$\backslash \; mathsf\; (Ca\; (CH\_3COO)\; \_2\; +\; 2KHCO\_3\; \backslash \; rightarrow\; 2CH\_3COOK\; +\; Ca\; (HCO\_3)\; \_2)$ $\backslash \; mathsf\; (Ca\; (CH\_3COO)\; \_2\; +\; K\_2CO\_3\; \backslash \; rightarrow\; 2CH\_3COOK\; +\; CaCO\_3)$

Also, calcium acetate is used in the preparation of lavsan as a catalyst.

Another way of using calcium acetate is to prepare an analogue of dry alcohol - a solid alcohol solvate of calcium acetate - by mixing calcium acetate and ethyl alcohol.

Food industry

Calcium acetate is registered in the food industry as a food additive in the group of preservatives E263... It can be used as a preservative, acidity regulator, plant tissue sealant. Stops the development of pathogenic bacteria in bakery products, softens pronounced sour taste canned vegetables and fruits. In the agricultural industry, it is used for the preservation of feed. Since the action of calcium acetate is limited by the presence of sulfates, phosphates, carbonates and bicarbonates in the products, which ultimately precipitate with a cation $\backslash \; mathsf\; (Ca\; ^\; (2+))$, then it is better to use it in combination with other preservatives.

Medicine

Calcium acetate has an absorbing effect on phosphoric acid anions:

$\backslash \; mathsf\; (3Ca\; (CH\_3COO)\; \_2\; +\; 2PO\_4\; ^\; (3\; -)\; \backslash \; rightarrow\; 6CH\_3COO\; ^\; -\; +\; Ca\_3\; (PO\_4)\; \_2\; \backslash \; downarrow)$

Also, calcium acetate restores a positive calcium balance in patients with mild, moderate and severe renal failure and in patients on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. It is non-aluminum and non-magnesium phosphate binder (phosphate binder). The phosphate-binding capacity of calcium acetate is 2 times higher, and its absorption in the intestine is much lower than that of calcium carbonate.

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Excerpt Characterizing Calcium Acetate

Pierre could not sleep for a long time that day; he paced up and down the room, now frowning, pondering something difficult, suddenly shrugging his shoulders and shuddering, now smiling happily.
He thought about Prince Andrei, about Natasha, about their love, and now he was jealous of her past, then he reproached, then he forgave himself for it. It was already six o'clock in the morning, and he was still walking around the room.
“Well, what can we do. If not without it! What can you do! So this is how it should be, ”he said to himself, and, hastily undressing, went to bed, happy and agitated, but without hesitation and hesitation.
“It is necessary, oddly enough, no matter how impossible this happiness, - we must do everything in order to be with her husband and wife,” - he said to himself.
Pierre had appointed the day of his departure for St. Petersburg on Friday a few days earlier. When he woke up on Thursday, Savelich came to him for orders to pack his things for the journey.
“How to Petersburg? What is Petersburg? Who is in St. Petersburg? He asked involuntarily, albeit to himself. - Yes, something like this long, long ago, even before this happened, for some reason I was going to go to Petersburg, - he recalled. - From what? I'll go, maybe. How kind, attentive he is, as he remembers everything! He thought, looking at Savelich's old face. "And what a pleasant smile!" He thought.
- Well, you don’t want everything, Savelich? Pierre asked.
- Why do I, Your Excellency, will? Under the deceased count, the kingdom of heaven, we lived and we see no offense with you.
- Well, and the children?
- And the children will live, Your Excellency: you can live for such gentlemen.
- Well, and my heirs? - said Pierre. “Suddenly I’m getting married… It can happen,” he added with an involuntary smile.
“And I dare to report: good deed, your Excellency.
“How easy he thinks it is,” thought Pierre. “He doesn't know how scary it is, how dangerous. Too sooner or too late ... Scary! "
- How do you please order? Will you please go tomorrow? Savelich asked.
- No; I'll postpone it a bit. I'll tell you then. Excuse me for the trouble, ”said Pierre and, looking at Savelich’s smile, thought:“ How strange, however, that he does not know that there is no Petersburg now and that first of all it is necessary for something to be decided. However, he probably knows, but only pretends. Talk to him? What does he think? Thought Pierre. "No, after sometime."
At breakfast Pierre told the princess that he had been to Princess Marya's yesterday and found him there — can you imagine who? - Natalie Rostov.
The princess pretended that she saw nothing more extraordinary in this news than in the fact that Pierre saw Anna Semyonovna.
- Do you know her? Pierre asked.
“I saw the princess,” she answered. - I heard that she was wooed for young Rostov. That would be very good for the Rostovs; they say they are completely ruined.
- No, do you know Rostov?
- I only heard about this story then. Very sorry.
“No, she doesn't understand or is pretending,” thought Pierre. "It's better not to tell her either."
The princess also prepared provisions for Pierre's journey.
“How kind they are all,” thought Pierre, “that now, when it probably cannot be more interesting for them, they are doing all this. And everything is for me; that's what's amazing. "
On the same day, the police master came to Pierre with a proposal to send a confidant to the Faceted Chamber to receive the things that are now being handed out to the owners.
“This one too,” thought Pierre, looking into the face of the police chief, “what a nice, handsome officer and how kind! Now he deals with such trifles. They also say that he is not honest and uses. What nonsense! But why not use it? He was brought up like that. And everyone does it. And such a pleasant, kind face, and smiles, looking at me. "
Pierre went to dinner at Princess Mary's.
Driving through the streets between the fires of houses, he marveled at the beauty of these ruins. The chimneys of houses, the fallen walls, picturesquely reminiscent of the Rhine and the Colosseum, stretched, hiding each other, along the burnt quarters. The cabbies and riders, the carpenters who cut the log cabins, the tradesmen and shopkeepers, all with cheerful, shining faces, looked at Pierre and said as if: “Ah, here he is! Let's see what comes out of this. "
At the entrance to the house of Princess Marya on Pierre, doubts were found about the justice of his being here yesterday, seeing Natasha and talking to her. “Maybe I made it up. Maybe I'll go in and see no one. " But no sooner had he entered the room than in his entire being, after the instant deprivation of his freedom, he felt her presence. She wore the same black dress with soft folds and the same hair as yesterday, but she was completely different. If she had been that way yesterday, when he entered the room, he would not have been able to recognize her for a moment.
She was the same as he knew her almost as a child and then the bride of Prince Andrew. A cheerful, interrogative gleam shone in her eyes; there was an affectionate and strangely playful expression on his face.
Pierre dined and would have sat all evening; but Princess Marya was on her way to the all-night vigil, and Pierre left with them.
The next day Pierre arrived early, dined and sat all evening. Despite the fact that Princess Marya and Natasha were obviously glad of the guest; in spite of the fact that all the interest in Pierre's life was now concentrated in this house, by evening they had talked everything over, and the conversation passed incessantly from one insignificant subject to another and was often interrupted. Pierre sat up too late that evening that Princess Marya and Natasha exchanged glances, obviously expecting him to leave soon. Pierre saw this and could not leave. It became hard for him, embarrassed, but he kept sitting, because he could not get up and leave.
Princess Marya, not foreseeing the end of this, was the first to get up and, complaining of a migraine, began to say goodbye.
- So you are going to Petersburg tomorrow? - said the eye.
“No, I'm not going,” Pierre said hastily, surprised and as if offended. - No, to Petersburg? Tomorrow; only I don’t say goodbye. I'll pick up the commissions, ”he said, standing in front of Princess Marya, blushing and not leaving.
Natasha gave him her hand and went out. Princess Marya, on the contrary, instead of leaving, sank into an armchair and, with her radiant, deep gaze, looked sternly and attentively at Pierre. The fatigue she had obviously shown before was now completely gone. She sighed heavily and for a long time, as if preparing for a long conversation.
All the embarrassment and awkwardness of Pierre, when Natasha was removed, instantly disappeared and was replaced by excited animation. He quickly moved the chair very close to Princess Marya.
“Yes, I wanted to tell you,” he said, responding, as if in words, to her gaze. - Princess, help me. What should I do? Can I hope? Princess, my friend, listen to me. I know everything. I know that I am not worth her; I know that now it is impossible to talk about it. But I want to be her brother. No, I don't want ... I can't ...

Acetic acid is a monobasic acid that dissociates in aqueous solution according to the following equation:

CH 3 COOH ↔ H + + CH 3 COO -.

thereby forming salts - acetates (CH 3 COO) Na - sodium acetate, (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca - calcium acetate, (CH 3 COO) 3 Al-aluminum acetate, etc.).

Under normal conditions, acetates are crystalline solids that are readily soluble in water.

Chemical formula of acetates

Let us consider the chemical formulas of acetates using the example of CH 3 COONa - sodium acetate, (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca - calcium acetate, (CH 3 COO) 3 Al-aluminum acetate. The chemical formula shows the qualitative and quantitative composition of the molecule (how many and what atoms are included in a particular compound) By the chemical formula, you can calculate the molecular weight of chlorides (Ar (Na) = 23 amu, Ar (C) = 12 amu ., Ar (Ca) = 40 amu, Ar (Al) = 27 amu, Ar (O) = 16 amu, Ar (H) = 1 amu. m.):

Mr (CH 3 COONa) = Ar (Na) + 2 × Ar (C) + 3 × Ar (H) + 2 × Ar (O);

Mr (CH 3 COONa) = 23 + 2 × 12 + 3 × 1 + 2 × 16 = 23 + 24 + 3 + 32 = 82.

Mr ((CH 3 COO) 2 Ca) = Ar (Ca) + 4 × Ar (C) + 6 × Ar (H) + 4 × Ar (O);

Mr ((CH 3 COO) 2 Ca) = 40 + 4 × 12 + 6 × 1 + 4 × 16 = 40 + 48 + 6 + 64 = 158.

Mr (CH 3 COO) 3 Al) = Ar (Al) + 6 × Ar (C) + 9 × Ar (H) + 6 × Ar (O);

Mr (CH 3 COO) 3 Al) = 27 + 6 × 12 + 9 × 1 + 6 × 16 = 27 + 72 + 9 + 96 = 204.

Graphic (structural) formula of acetates

The structural (graphical) formula is more descriptive. Let us consider the structural formulas of acetates using the example of the same CH 3 COONa - sodium acetate, (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca - calcium acetate, (CH 3 COO) 3 Al-aluminum acetate.

Rice. 1. Structural formula of sodium acetate.

Rice. 2. Structural formula of calcium acetate.

Rice. 3. Structural formula of aluminum acetate.

Ionic formula

Acetates are medium salts capable of dissociating into ions in aqueous solution:

CH 3 COONa ↔ Na + + CH 3 COO -;

(CH 3 COO) 2 Ca↔ Ca 2+ + 2CH 3 COO -;

(CH 3 COO) 3 Al↔ Al 3+ + 3CH 3 COO -.

Examples of problem solving

EXAMPLE 1

Exercise	Mass fraction phosphorus in one of its oxides is 56.4%. The vapor density of the oxide in air is 7.59. Establish the molecular formula of the oxide.
Solution	We calculate the mass fraction of oxygen in the compound: ω (O) = 100% - ω (P) = 100% - 56.4% = 43.6%. Let us designate the number of moles of elements that make up the compound by "x" (phosphorus), "y" (oxygen). Then, the molar ratio will look as follows (the values ​​of the relative atomic masses, taken from the Periodic Table of D.I.Mendeleev, will be rounded to whole numbers): x: y = ω (P) / Ar (P): ω (O) / Ar (O); x: y = 56.4 / 31: 43.6 / 16; x: y = 1.82: 2.725 = 1: 1.5 = 2: 3. This means that the simplest formula for the compound of phosphorus with oxygen will have the form P 2 O 3 and molar mass 94 g / mol. The value of the molar mass of organic matter can be determined using its air density: M substance = M air × D air; M substance = 29 × 7.59 = 220 g / mol. M substance / M (P 2 O 3) = 220/94 = 2. This means that the indices of phosphorus and oxygen atoms should be 2 times higher, i.e. the formula of the substance will have the form P 4 O 6.
Answer	P 4 O 6

EXAMPLE 2

Exercise	Determine the molecular formula of a compound containing 49.4% potassium, 20.2% sulfur, 30.4% oxygen if the relative molecular weight of this compound is 3.95 times the relative atomic weight of calcium.
Solution	The mass fraction of element X in the molecule of composition HX is calculated by the following formula: ω (X) = n × Ar (X) / M (HX) × 100%. Let's designate the number of moles of the elements that make up the compound by "x" (potassium), "y" (sulfur) and "z" (oxygen). Then, the molar ratio will look as follows (the values ​​of the relative atomic masses, taken from the Periodic Table of D.I.Mendeleev, will be rounded to whole numbers): x: y: z = ω (K) / Ar (K): ω (S) / Ar (S): ω (O) / Ar (O); x: y: z = 49.4 / 39: 20.2 / 32: 30.4 / 16; x: y: z = 1.3: 0.63: 1.9 = 2: 1: 3. This means that the simplest formula of a compound of potassium, sulfur and oxygen will have the form K 2 SO 3 and a molar mass of 158 g / mol. Let's find the true molar mass of this compound: M substance = Ar (Ca) × 3.95 = 40 × 3.95 = 158 g / mol. To find the true formula of an organic compound, we find the ratio of the resulting molar masses: M substance / M (K 2 SO 3) = 158/158 = 1. So the formula of the compound of potassium, sulfur and oxygen has the form K 2 SO 3.
Answer	K 2 SO 3

For some reason, the compilers of the exam believe that you need to know how acetates decompose. Although the textbooks do not have this reaction. Different acetates decompose in different ways, but let's remember the reaction that comes across in the exam:

thermal decomposition of barium (calcium) acetate produces barium (calcium) carbonate and acetone !!!

Ba (CH 3 COO) 2 → BaCO 3 + (CH 3) 2 CO ( t 0)

Ca (CH 3 COO) 2 → CaCO 3 + (CH 3) 2 CO ( t 0)

In fact, this is decarboxylation:

Answers:

1.1. During the joint hydrolysis of salts, one of which is hydrolyzed by the cation and the other by the anion, hydrolysis mutually intensifies and proceeds to the formation of the final products of hydrolysis of both salts: 2AlCl 3 + 3Na 2 S + 6H 2 O = 2Al (OH) 3 ↓ + 3H 2 S + 6NaCl

1.2. Similarly: 2FeCl 3 + 3Na 2 CO 3 + 3H 2 O = 2Fe (OH) 3 ↓ + 3CO 2 + 6NaCl

1.3. Sequence of reactions:

2Al + 3I 2 = 2AlI 3

AlI 3 + 3NaOH = Al (OH) 3 + 3NaI

Al (OH) 3 + 3HCl = AlCl 3 + 3H 2 O

2AlCl 3 + 3Na 2 CO 3 + 3H 2 O = 2Al (OH) 3 + 3CO 2 + 6NaCl

NO + H 2 O = do not react (as a non-salt-forming oxide)

BaO + H 2 O = Ba (OH) 2 (react as a soluble hydroxide is obtained)

CrO + H 2 O = (do not react, since chromium (II) hydroxide is insoluble)

SO 2 + H 2 O = H 2 SO 3 (react as a soluble hydroxide is obtained)

SiO 2 + H 2 O = (do not react, since silicon (IV) hydroxide, that is, silicic acid is insoluble)

Mn 2 O 7 + H 2 O = 2HMnO 4 (react, as a soluble hydroxide is obtained - manganese acid)

2NO 2 + H 2 O = HNO 2 + HNO 3

3.1. Hydrolysis of binary compounds results in the hydroxide of the first element and the hydrogen compound of the second element. In the case of hydride, the second product is simply hydrogen:

NaH + H 2 O = NaOH + H 2

MgH 2 + 2H 2 O = Mg (OH) 2 + 2H 2

Na 3 N + 4HCl → 3NaCl + NH 4 Cl

PBr 3 + 6NaOH → Na3PO3 + 3NaBr + 3H 2 O

4.1 When ammonia is passed through solutions of polybasic acids, medium or acidic salts can be obtained, depending on which of the reagents is in excess:

NH 3 + H 2 SO 4 = NH 4 HSO 4 (acid in excess)

2NH 3 + H 2 SO 4 = 2 (NH 4) 2 SO 4 (ammonia in excess)

Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 + 6NH 3 + 6H 2 O = 2Cr (OH) 3 ↓ + 3 (NH 4) 2 SO 4

(This is actually the same reaction as:

Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 + 6NH 4 OH = 2Cr (OH) 3 ↓ + 3 (NH 4) 2 SO 4,

but it is not customary to write the formula NH 4 OH now).

3CuO + 2NH 3 = 3Cu + N 2 + 3H 2 O

CuSO 4 + 4NH 3 = SO 4

(Although in reality, this is the first reaction:

CuSO 4 + 2NH 3 + 2H 2 O = Cu (OH) 2 ↓ + (NH 4) 2 SO 4 (since ammonia acts as an alkali)

And then: Cu (OH) 2 ↓ + 4NH 3 = (OH) 2)

In general, in any case, with a sufficient amount of ammonia, a complex and a bright blue coloration will turn out!

K 3 + 6HBr = 3KBr + AlBr 3 + 6H 2 O

K 3 + 3HBr = 3KBr + Al (OH) 3 ↓ + 3H 2 O

Na 2 + 2CO 2 = 2NaHCO 3 + Zn (OH) 2 ↓

K = KAlO 2 + 2H 2 O ( t 0)

Cl + 2HNO 3 = 2NH 4 NO 3 + AgCl ↓

2СuSO 4 + 4KI = 2CuI + I 2 + 2K 2 SO 4 (bivalent copper is reduced to monovalent)

Fe 2 O 3 + 6HI = 2FeI 2 + I 2 + 3H 2 O

KNO 2 + NH 4 I = KI + N 2 + 2H 2 O

H 2 O 2 + 2KI = I 2 + 2KOH

Fe 3 O 4 + 4H 2 SO 4 (diluted) = FeSO 4 + Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 + 4H2O

since dilute sulfuric acid is not a strong oxidizing agent, the usual exchange reaction takes place.

2Fe 3 O 4 + 10H 2 SO 4 (conc) = 3Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 + SO 2 + 10H 2 O

since concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong oxidizing agent, iron +2 is oxidized to iron +3.

Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 + H 2 S = 2FeSO 4 + S + H 2 SO 4

since hydrogen sulfide is a reducing agent, iron +3 is reduced to iron +2.

NaHSO4 + NaOH = Na 2 SO 4 + H 2 O

Na 2 SO 4 + NaOH - do not react

NaHSO 4 + Ba (OH) 2 = BaSO 4 + NaOH + H 2 O

Na 2 SO 4 + Ba (OH) 2 = BaSO 4 + 2NaOH

Cu + 2H 2 SO 4 (conc) = CuSO 4 + SO 2 + 2H 2 O

CuO + H 2 SO 4 = CuSO 4 + H 2 O

Cu + HCl - do not react

CuO + 2HCl = CuCl 2 + H2O

ZnS + 2HCl = ZnCl 2 + H 2 S

ZnO + 2HCl = ZnCl 2 + H 2 O

It would seem that the decomposition of iron (II) nitrate should produce iron (II) oxide, nitric oxide (IV) and oxygen. But the trick is that since in iron (II) oxide iron does not have the highest oxidation state, but oxygen is released in the reaction, then iron will be oxidized to +3 and iron (III) oxide will be obtained:

Fe (NO 3) 2 → Fe 2 O 3 + NO 2 + O 2

In this reaction, there are two reducing agents at once - iron and oxygen. With the coefficients it will be like this:

4Fe (NO 3) 2 = 2Fe 2 O 3 + 8NO 2 + O 2

There is nothing special in this reaction, except that it is often forgotten that copper also belongs to those metals, the decomposition of which produces a metal oxide, and not the metal itself:

2Cu (NO 3) 2 = 2CuO + 4NO 2 + O 2

But all the metals that are behind copper, when decomposing their nitrates, will give just metal.

Correct answers: a, b, c, e (there is no hydroxyl group at all in cumene, these are arenas).

Correct answers: c (in styrene there is no hydroxyl group at all, this is an arene).

Correct answers: g (in toluene there is no hydroxyl group at all, this is an arene).